Date of Award

9-18-2025

Thesis Type

PhD

Document Type

Thesis

Divisions

Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences

Department

Department of South East Asian Studies

Institution

Universiti Malaya

Abstract

This study aims to explore the survival experiences of Bangladeshi documented female migrant workers in Malaysia. It examines their socio-demographic characteristics, including their goals and aspirations and the challenges they face as female migrant workers both in the host country and country of origin. The research also investigates their survival strategies through the lens of bonding, bridging and linking social capital theory. This mixed-method study involved 180 face-to-face interviews along with 15 in-depth interviews. The findings reveal that respondents encountered numerous challenges in their workplaces and daily lives, but failed to raise their voices due to fear of losing their jobs. To navigate these challenges, the workers often connect with native migrants, migrants from other countries, neighbours, local people, organisations and institutions. Through these ongoing communication and interactions, a gradual sense of trust develops, which is called bonding, bridging, and linking social capital. This research demonstrated that bonding social capital was most evident in relationships among friends, family, relatives, and neighbours, characterised by a strong sense of connection and a shared vision. However, the study analysis showed that bonding networks did not impact economic outcomes. Bridging social capital was most apparent in relationships with other initiatives, coworkers, and residents. The results indicated that bridging networks positively impacted all identified economic outcomes. Linking social capital was observed in relationships with formal organisations, enhancing trust and sometimes providing additional knowledge, expertise, or organisational capacity, positively influencing economic outcomes. Social connections, cultural ties, and international linkages are crucial in expanding networks and enhancing communication. The study also highlights that workers in foreign countries often need emotional support, which they primarily receive from close coworkers, especially those from their own country. Coordination and cooperation for mutual benefits assist workers in various ways, helping them achieve meaningful and successful careers. The study underscores the importance of bonding, bridging, and linking social capital to create an environment where Bangladeshi female migrant workers can communicate and share survival and livelihood-related knowledge. These findings have implications for policy planners and governmental and non-governmental organisations working with female migrant labour in Malaysia, Bangladesh, and beyond.

Initial

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Additional Information

Thesis (PhD) – Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Universiti Malaya, 2025.

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