Multifunctional Surface Coatings for Photovoltaic Modules: Anti-Soiling, Hydrophilic/Phobic, and Thermal Management

Document Type

Review

Publication Date

1-1-2026

Abstract

The performance and long-term reliability of photovoltaic (PV) systems are significantly challenged by three major factors: surface soiling, water or moisture interactions, and thermal stress. Dust and particulate deposition reduce light transmittance, while water-induced degradation and thermal accumulation accelerate module aging. These issues collectively diminish power output, reduce efficiency, and shorten the service life of PV installations, especially in regions with harsh climatic conditions. In recent years, multifunctional surface coatings have emerged as a promising solution to these challenges. Anti-soiling coatings minimize dust adhesion and facilitate natural cleaning through hydrophilic or hydrophobic mechanisms. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic coatings further improve water repellency and reduce fouling, while thermally resistant coatings mitigate heat buildup and improve operational stability. Beyond enhancing efficiency, such coatings extend durability and reduce maintenance costs, making them vital for large-scale PV deployment. This review consolidates the latest advances in the development and characterization of anti-soiling, hydrophobic, and thermal resistance coatings for PV panels. Emphasis is placed on material categories, fabrication techniques, durability, and multifunctional integration. Furthermore, the paper highlights standardized characterization methods and comparative case studies between laboratory and field performance. Finally, existing research gaps, techno-economic barriers, and future prospects for next-generation PV technologies are discussed. The insights provided aim to guide both academic research and industrial applications toward sustainable, high-performance solar energy solutions.

Publication Title

IEEE Access

DOI

10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3674089

Volume

14

First Page

41066

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