Date of Award

1-13-2026

Thesis Type

PhD

Document Type

Thesis

Divisions

Faculty of Engineering

Department

Department of Civil Engineering

Institution

Universiti Malaya

Abstract

Mixed-Use Developments (MXDs) are single development projects that integrate and interact with different land uses, such as offices, retail, restaurants, entertainment venues, hotels, and/or residential areas. MXDs are internally connected, allowing users of different land uses to share internal streets, walkways, driveways, and parking spaces. Traffic is estimated to be reduced with such developments. Currently, in Malaysia, there is no standard procedure to estimate the MXD trip generation rates. The Malaysian Trip Generation Manual (MTGM) 2010 is the guideline used to forecast future trips for a single land use and hence, by summing the trip generation rates for multiple land uses, it will overestimate the total trips without considering the internal trip capture. This research aimed to establish new methods to estimate the MXD trip generation rates and understand the internal trips’ pattern within MXD premises. To accomplish the objectives, three MXD observation sites were selected in Klang Valley, and traffic survey counts were conducted with consideration of person trips, including passengers in vehicles and pedestrians. The results revealed that during peak hours, the MXD trip generation rates were higher than actual traffic counts. This research has formulated a new data collection method by integrating person counts and a new procedure for pedestrian counts was recommended as a guideline. It was recommended that the Vehicle Conversion Value (VCV) for MXD is 7, which represents that ten pedestrians are equivalent to seven vehicles entering or exiting the MXD premise. In addition, the Passenger Car Unit (PCU) conversion for MXD sites was recommended as 0.98, which involves simply multiplying vehicular trips (vehicles per hour) to convert to PCU per hour. Two new methods were determined to calculate the MXD trip generation rates: the first is using the MXD adjustment factor alongside MTGM 2010, and the second method is using the forecasting model. The MXD adjustment factor was established as 0.63, which can be applied by multiplying the MTGM trip generation rates to reduce the generated MXD trips in PCU per hour. Eight forecasting models for different scenarios, such as AM or PM peak at Weekday or Weekend, were established using Multiple Linear Regression, with the MXD developed area in thousands of square feet (TSF) and parking area in TSF as independent variables. These models were promising and have been validated with another MXD site. An online survey reveals that the MXD travel demand and frequency were reduced after the relaxation of the Movement Control Order (MCO) in Malaysia, possibly due to the trend of working from home or flexible working hours. MXD residents with more transport options or higher incomes tend to travel more frequently externally and internally, both currently and before the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, MXD residents with more parking lots allocated for their household tend to travel less internally.

Initial

khm

Additional Information

Thesis (PhD) - Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 2024.

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