Integrated design strategies for high-performance supercapacitors: a comprehensive review on the role of current collectors, electrode materials, electrolytes, and AI-driven optimization

Document Type

Review

Publication Date

1-1-2026

Abstract

Supercapacitors play a vital role as energy storage devices, filling the performance gap between dielectric capacitors and batteries. The present review critically discusses the synergistic integration of current collectors, electrode materials, and electrolytes for the optimum performance of supercapacitors. The review systematically discusses the transition metal sulfides, oxides, and phosphates, as well as the conducting polymer and carbonaceous materials, considering the charge storage mechanisms and material structural engineering. The review also focuses on the development of current collectors from two-dimensional foils (Cu, Al, Ti) to three-dimensional porous foams (Ni, C, Cu). The review also presents the developments in electrolytes, such as the water-in-salt and hybrid electrolytes, which enable the voltage window to extend beyond 2.0 V. The review uniquely combines the physical aspects of the materials with the recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for the optimum performance of the supercapacitors. The techno-economic and sustainability aspects of the materials are also discussed for the development of the next generation of supercapacitors.

Publication Title

Ionics

ISSN

09477047

DOI

10.1007/s11581-026-07144-4

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