Targeting neutrophil extracellular traps in metabolic and immune niche: Nanomaterials for diabetes tissue regeneration

Document Type

Review

Publication Date

1-1-2026

Abstract

The effects of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) on diabetes tissue regeneration are very complex. Diabetes mellitus induces the metabolic and functional changes in neutrophils, including enhanced glucose utilization and increased NETosis. This tilts the balance of the immune microenvironment toward chronic inflammation, potentially ultimately delaying tissue regeneration. The therapeutic effect of using medications alone is limited. Here, we review NET-mediated metabolic reprogramming and antibacterial activity as well as chronic sterile inflammation. We focus on the newly developed nanomaterials targeting NETs in tissue defects. These nanomaterials are precisely regulated in space and time and can exert multiple functions as needed, including enhancing the antibacterial ability of NETs, inhibiting the generation of NETs, and removing the excessively accumulated NETs, thereby creating a metabolic and immune microenvironment that is conducive to tissue regeneration. Drug-loaded nanomaterials can exhibit more ideal therapeutic effects. It is hoped that this will aid a full comprehension of the connection between diabetes and NETs. Additionally, the review may inspire readers who seek clinically effective treatment modalities.

Publication Title

Bmemat

ISSN

27517438

DOI

10.1002/bmm2.70070

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