An overview of metal-free sustainable nitrogen-based catalytic knoevenagel condensation reaction
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
3-16-2022
Abstract
Knoevenagel condensation reaction counts as a vital condensation in organic chemistry due to the synthesis of valuable intermediates, heterocycles, and fine chemicals from commercially available reactants through forming new C = C bonds between an aldehyde or ketone and active methylene compounds. Therefore, the catalytic Knoevenagel condensation reaction has continuously received significant interest in different aspects, i.e., investigating the catalytic efficiency of new heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. Furthermore, metal-free catalysis has recently attracted considerable attention because of environmental concerns. This review summarizes the most recent studies on utilizing metal-free nitrogen-based catalysts in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction, including organocatalysts, polymers, ionic liquids, and bio- and carbon-based catalysts. The substrate scope, the optimal reaction conditions, selectivity, the desired product yield, merits, and limitations of each method are discussed. In addition, the recyclability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of catalysts are reported. This review also covers the approaches that influence the selectivity of the Knoevenagel products.
Keywords
Graphitic carbon nitride, Covalent organic frameworks, Vivo antidiabetic activity, Solvent-free, Heterogeneous catalyst, Mesoporous carbon, Ionic liquid, Biological evaluation, Facile synthesis, Dots
Divisions
nanocat
Funders
Universiti Malaya, Malaysia [NANOCAT RU003-2021]
Publication Title
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
Volume
20
Issue
11
Publisher
Royal Soc Chemistry
Publisher Location
THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND