Fully-integrated timers for ultra-low-power internet-of-things nodes-fundamentals and design techniques

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

1-1-2022

Abstract

Driven by the momentum toward compact and low-power Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems, the research on fully-integrated and energy-efficient kHz-to-MHz timers increased explosively. This article examines recent publications on timers and classifies them into two major categories: open-loop-based and close-loop-based timers. Upon introducing the basic parameters for characterizing a timer, we perform an extensive investigation to gain insights into recent state-of-the-art works. We also discuss in detail the comparison between the two classes of timers. With the aid of the state-of-the-art, we present a comprehensive review from multiple perspectives, such as Energy Efficiency, Temperature Coefficient, Temperature Range, Figure-of-Merit, etc.

Keywords

Oscillators, Time-frequency analysis, Jitter, Phase noise, Clocks, Temperature distribution, Circuit stability, CMOS, Internet-of-Things (IoT), relaxation oscillator (RxO), Frequency-locked-loop (FLL), Allan deviation, Jitter, Phase noise, Figure-of-merit (FoM), Ultra-low-power, Wakeup timers

Publication Title

IEEE Access

Divisions

sch_ecs

Funders

Research University (RU) Grant-Faculty Program [Grant No: GPF056B-2020],Science and Technology Development Fund, Macau Special Administrative Region, (FDCT) [Grant No: 0043/2020/A1 & SKL-AMSV(UM)-2020-2022 & MG004-2021]

Volume

10

Publisher

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Publisher Location

445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA

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