Evaluation of biodegradability, toxicity and ecotoxicity of organic acid-based deep eutectic solvents
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
10-1-2024
Abstract
Over the past decade, deep eutectic systems (DES) have become popular, yet their potential toxicity to living organisms is not well understood. This study fills this gap by examining the toxicity, antibacterial activity and biodegradability of p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (PTSA)-based DESs prepared from ammonium or phosphonium salts. Brine shrimp assays revealed varying toxicity levels of PTSA and salts. Allyltriphenylphosphonium bromide showing the longest survival time among all tested salts while PTSA exhibited a significantly longer duration of cell survival compared to other hydrogen bond donors. PTSA and ammonium salts (N,N-diethylethanolammonium chloride and choline chloride) as individual components showed non-toxic behavior for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria while different PTSA-based DESs showed significant inhibition zones. Fish acute ecotoxicity tests indicated moderately toxicity for individual components and DESs, though higher concentrations increased fish mortality, highlighting the need for careful handling and disposal of PTSA-based DESs to the environment. Biodegradability analyses found all tested DESs to be readily biodegradable and it was reported that, DES 3 prepapred form PTSA and choline chloride has the highest biodegradability level. Notably, all tested DESs showed over 60 % biodegradability after 28 days. This groundbreaking study explores PTSA-based DESs, highlighting their biodegradability and potential use as antibacterial agents. Results revealed that PTSA as individual component is much better from toxicity point of view in comparison with PTSAbased DESs for any further industrial applications.
Keywords
Deep eutectic solvent, Antimicrobial, Ecotoxicity, Biodegradable
Divisions
AcademyofIslamicStudies,sch_che
Funders
King Saud University (RSP2024R511)
Publication Title
Science of the Total Environment
Volume
948
Publisher
Elsevier
Publisher Location
RADARWEG 29, 1043 NX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS