Neuronal infection is a major pathogenetic mechanism and cause of fatalities in human acute Nipah virus encephalitis
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
10-1-2022
Abstract
Acute Nipah (NiV) encephalitis is characterised by a dual pathogenetic mechanism of neuroglial infection and ischaemia-microinfarction associated with vasculitis-induced thrombotic occlusion. We investigated the contributions of these two mechanisms in fatal cases. Materials and methods We analysed brain tissues (cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum) from 15 autopsies using light microscopy, immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridisation and quantitative methods. Results Three types of discrete plaque-like parenchymal lesions were identified: Type 1 with neuroglial IHC positivity for viral antigens and minimal or no necrosis; Type 2 with neuroglial immunopositivity and necrosis; and Type 3 with necrosis but no viral antigens. Most viral antigen/RNA-positive cells were neurons. Cerebral glial immunopositivity was rare, suggesting that microinfarction played a more important role in white matter injury. Type 1 lesions were also detected in the brainstem and cerebellum, but the differences between cerebral cortex and these two regions were not statistically significant. In the cerebral cortex, Type 1 lesions overwhelmingly predominated, and only 14% Type 1 vs 69% Type 2 lesions were associated with thrombosis. This suggests that neuronal infection as a mechanism of pathogenesis was more important than microinfarction, both in general and in Type 1 lesions in particular. Between the `early' group (<8-day fever) and the `late' group (>= 8-day fever), there was a decrease of Type 1 and Type 2 lesions with a concomitant increase of Type 3 lesions, suggesting the latter possibly represented late-stage microinfarction and/or neuronal infection. Conclusion Neuronal infection appears to play a more important role than vasculopathy-induced microinfarction in acute NiV encephalitis.
Keywords
Acute encephalitis, Immunohistochemistry, In situ hybridization, Nipah virus
Divisions
fac_med
Publication Title
Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology
Volume
48
Issue
6
Publisher
Wiley
Publisher Location
111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA