Life cycle assessment of palm oil clinker as a binder and aggregate replacement in concrete
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
3-1-2021
Abstract
Palm oil clinker (POC) is a by-product derived from crude palm oil (CPO) production. Many studies have examined POC in concrete and it has often been stated as being environmentally sustainable. However, evidence to support these claims are not abundant in the literature. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the environmental impact of POC using a comparative, midpoints life cycle assessment approach based on 13 impact categories from ReCiPe2016. The use of POC as a binder replacement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate was considered. Only production of cement, sand, gravel, POC and transportation were included in the system boundary. The construction, service and end-of-life phases were excluded. A volume of 1 m(3) mortar or concrete with similar compressive strength was used as the functional unit. Life cycle inventory data was obtained from the literature, Malaysia Life Cycle Inventory Database (MY-LCID) and Ecoinvent database. Economic and mass allocation factors were calculated for POC. Calculations indicated that the use of POC in mortar and concrete showed reductions in all impact categories when economically allocated. When mass allocated, POC contributed minimally to all impact categories except `Freshwater Eutrophication' and `Human Toxicity'. Despite these drawbacks, results show that use of POC resulted in an overall improvement for the environmental sustainability.
Keywords
Life cycle assessment, Palm oil clinker, Sustainable concrete, Binder replacement, Aggregate replacement, Environment impact
Divisions
sch_civ
Funders
Universiti Malaya Research Grant (GPF003A-2019),Universiti Malaya Research Grant (GPF010A-2019)
Publication Title
Journal of Oil Palm Research
Volume
33
Issue
1
Publisher
Malaysian Palm Oil Board
Publisher Location
PO BOX 10620, KUALA LUMPUR, 50720, MALAYSIA