In situ reactive extraction of Jatropha curcas L. seeds assisted by ultrasound: Preliminary studies
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
1-1-2018
Abstract
Esterification is required to reduce the high free fatty acid (FFA) content of crude Jatropha oil to below 3% prior to transesterification. In this study, raw decorticated Jatropha seeds were employed as the feedstock in in situ reactive extraction assisted by ultrasound in the presence of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a catalyst. Extraction efficiency, esterification efficiency, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield were optimized as a function of ultrasonic pulse mode, amplitude, and H2SO4 amount. The optimum extraction efficiency of 83.96%, esterification efficiency of 71.10%, and FAME yield of 38.58% were achieved at a pulse mode of 5 s on/2 s off, an ultrasonic amplitude of 60%, and an H2SO4 amount of 5 mL in reaction time of 150 min.
Keywords
Alternative fuel, biodiesel, green energy, in situ reactive extraction, Jatropha seeds, ultrasound
Divisions
fac_eng
Funders
Ministry of Education, Malaysia and University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, under FRGS-MRSA (MO014-2016),SATU joint research scheme (RU18J-2016),Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Research Fund (UTARRF)
Publication Title
Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects
Volume
40
Issue
14
Publisher
Taylor & Francis